TCC - Bacharelado em Ciências Econômicas (UAST)

URI permanente para esta coleçãohttps://arandu.ufrpe.br/handle/123456789/2934

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Diferenciais salariais no Brasil: até onde a aglomeração explica?
(2018) Pereira, Jefferson Doglas da Silva; Silva, Adelson Santos da; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8375292876575677; http://lattes.cnpq.br/7315367991475568
The main porpose of this study was to identify the contribution of the worker, firm and region's effects, focusing on the density of employment as a measure of agglomeration, on the wage differential in the Brazilian regions in the period from 2010 to 2014. The analysis was made in panel , from RAIS data, which allows the monitoring of the individual over time. Initially, mincerian equations applied to OLS models were estimated, with analysis focused on fixed effects results. Afterwards, the analysis was extended to a model involving variables interaction, to verify the explanatory potential of agglomerations. Finally, the regression method was applied by instrumental variables in order to eliminate the possible endogeneity of the employment density. The results indicated that there is a wage differential, although small attributed to the density of employment, according to the literature. It has been found that education, the sector which the worker is inserted, and the size of the firm have a strong influence on wage differentials, especially higher level individuals, those working in industry and those working in larger firms. In addition, the interactions showed strong effects on wages. Finally, it is concluded that the density of employment, characteristics of individuals, firms and region, separately and through interactions, contribute to the existence of wage differentials.
A integração comercial do Paraguai a partir do MERCOSUL e seus efeitos sobre as relações comerciais brasilo-paraguaias
(2018) Carvalho, Ivyan Larissa Barros de; Freitas, Priscila Michelle Rodrigues; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3255381700202901; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5149985985448159
Commercial opening of the 1990s, allows countries a greater flow of foreign capital in the economies in the countries of the world. The formation of Mercosur in 1991 was important to promote the economic development of its member countries, which allowed Paraguay greater gains in trade. However, the commercial relations established between Paraguay and Brazil are approaching from the Mercosur, but it is perceived that the commercial relationship between both narrowed from 2012, with the increase of Brazilian foreign investment in Paraguayan territory. In this sense, in order to assess the impact of trade integration, the index of creation and trade diversion for the refrigeration, cement, plastics, textiles, footwear and auto parts sectors for the period from 1997 to 2016 was calculated. results found in the survey showed that despite the Mercosur tariff reductions allowing an average increase in imports by 30%, the analysis showed that the tariff reductionsallowed a substantial increase in imports of plastics, textiles and auto parts.
Convergência Condicional da Renda dos Estados Brasileiros: uma análise a luz do modelo de Solow com capital humano
(2018) Souza, Ana Cledia Ferreira de; Lima, Sergiany da Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5314745114599013; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0739821604017578
In view of the marked inequality that exists in Brazil and the improvement in the macroeconomic environment after the 2000s, this study has as main objective to analyze the hypothesis of per capita income convergence of the Brazilian states in the period from 2006 to 2014. For that, this study was performed based on the production functions of the simple and increased Solow growth models using the theory of absolute and conditional convergence. The analysis was based on the data extracted from RAIS, IPEADATA, National Treasury Secretariat. The method of estimation of results was the multiple linear regression with panel data. The empirical results are consistent with the literature on economic growth, so that investment and human capital positively affect per capita GDP growth. The depreciation parameter (n + g + d) shows a negative relationship with economic growth, as discussed in theory. The empirical analysis indicates that there is presence of both absolute convergence and conditional convergence, however, the convergence velocity increases from 0.06 in the absolute convergence model to 0.13 in the conditional convergence model with human capital. This demonstrates the effect of human capital on the productive potential of Brazilian states in the long-run equilibrium. The results indicate that the public policies carried out during the period of the research had positive effects to reduce intrestadual disparities.
Estratégias empresariais e políticas públicas: o setor industrial em Pernambuco
(2018) Rodrigues, Maria Raiane Rafaela; Silva, Keila Sonalle; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8324151165523255
The development of the industry in Pernambuco is linked to the structuring of a more diversified and intensive production base in TC & I, by incorporating innovations in business strategies and decision making. Thus, making the local environment conducive to the permanence of innovation, and consequently an upward trajectory, that composes thePernambuco national innovation system. The determination of the performance of this activity is centered in the formation of strategies and policies that were adopted by the main state and national economic actors.The paper aims to analyze the basic characteristics of the productive activities of the Pernambuco industry, in relation to the type of innovation, potentialities, strategies, Research and Development (R & D) activities and the direction of public policies for the period from 2009 to 2014. From the theoretical foundations of Neo Schumpeterian and Evolutionary theory, the innovation environment takes place through business routines and innovative strategies for the generation of knowledge, technology and innovation. These actions make up the Pernambuco Innovation System, in the presence of several institutions, organizations and the government, which seek to structure productive activities on a sustainable basis in technology and innovation. Coordinated strategies in the productive spheres trigger multiplier effects, thus allowing technological inequalities to be minimized. The methodology used is classified as descriptive based on secondary data from innovation research (PINTEC), from the period 2009 to 2014. The predominance of transformations in the internal structure of firms was observed, even in the face of the difficulties the local industry has innovative potential, expansion strategies and efficient strategies that have sought to reduce existing bottlenecks. The good local innovative performance is also linked to the public policies adopted. However, it is perceived that local government, carry out actions more attenuated to the sector, thus benefiting a larger volume of companies, since they are directed according to the profile of the localindustries. This opens up a wide range of opportunities for growth, coupled with innovation, by presenting a growing trajectory of innovative companies in a short period of time.
A cannabis no Brasil: perspectiva histórica, legal e tendências econômicas da legalização
(2018) Godoy, Isabelle de Almeida; Leão, Éder Lira de Souza; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4434499456331867; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8645589364741734
The study followed the precepts of bibliographic and documentary research, considerenting historical and social factors to explain the beginning of cannabis’ ilegality in Brazil and inquires the effectiveness of the system to combat consume and production of drugs basedon repression and prohibition. It exposes the Law of Drugs 11.343/2006 in force and its implications, exemplifying the legalization and discrimination using international cases. It analyzes the "Polígono da Maconha" and its productive potential, as well the necessary conditions to cultivate the plant, serving to study others locals with similar characteristics. Also reflects on the economics of legal, security and anti-trafficking costs, as well as the gains generated through resources that can come of legalization. Besides the effects to reduce violence and incarceration of population, promoting social welfare. The study intends to comprehend the results of cannabis’ legalization for the country, in especial, for northeastern backwoods, as well the benefits that can be obtain and possible market tendencies.
GAP de ineficiência operacional do PAC e os seus efeitos na infraestrutura regional: uma analise pelo lado da demanda e da oferta
(2018) Almeida, Karoline Amaral de; Lima, Sergiany da Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5314745114599013
This paper analyzes the opportunity cost of PAC represented by the gap between potential and actual investment and the effect on the productive structure of the Brazilian economy.They hypothesize that budgetary interference of the PACreduces the potential effect of investment in infrastructure in the economy. This inefficiency in the medium term makes the expansion of the sector's productive capacity in the country minimal.The methodology used inthe short term analysis seeks to capture the effect of demand using the estimation of the complex Keynesian multiplier in the structure of a Gap of operational inefficiency of the PAC.The verification of structural changes caused in the PAC investment sectors is performed by calculating the locational quotient (QL), the redistribution coefficient (CR) and the restructuring coefficient (Cr).According to the upward values of the gap this represents a reduction of the real effect of the PAC on the economycompared to the potential effect, thus proving the operational inefficiency of the PAC. The CR and Cr values close to zero indicate that productivity changes in 2007compared to 2017 were not significant.
Probabilidade de ocorrência da inicialização do consumo de cigarro combinado ao consumo prévio de álcool na população brasileira
(2018) Lima, Bianca Catharina de Vasconcelos Goís; Santos, Loraine Menêses dos; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4166590770317390; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8223270064800976
Current evidence in the literature indicates that the initial consumption of alcohol can lead to a later use of cigarettes by cultural, psychological, emotional and social factors. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the probability of initiation of cigarette consumption, once the consumption of alcohol in the Brazilian adult population, according to gender, age, race, region and income, has started.As specific objectives, it sought to verify the proportionality of risks between alcohol and cigarette consumption concomitantly; to identify which individuals initialized cigarette consumption after the initial consumption ofalcoholic beverages; analyze the time taken for its concomitant use and the factors that led to such behavior and to verify the incidence of the combined consumption of the substances mentioned above by gender. As a methodological procedure, used secondary data from a questionnaire obtained by the National Health Survey (PNS) for the year 2013. The sample is made up of 9,717 individuals, aged over 17 years, of both sexes, living in all Brazilian regions, who initialized the consumption of alcoholic beverages and who consume or can later consume cigarettes. The data were analyzed using the following survival analysis tests: Irtest, Schoenfeld, Cox-Snell and Kaplan-Meier, which identified the proportionality of the risks of the event in question and the possible risk factors (gender, race, age group, income level and region). The data obtained demonstrated that the probability of initiation to cigarette consumption due to alcohol consumption is 0.88 times higher for men than for women; white individuals, aged 18 to 28 years and the southern region of the country presented a higher probability of initiating cigarette smoking, given the previous use of alcohol. In addition, the income variable presented a direct relation with the initiation of cigarette consumption. Regarding the mean time of initiation to the concomitant use of the substances, it was found that the older an individual, the less likely the initiation of cigarette consumption, due to the consumption of alcoholic beverages. This outcome raises the possibility of intervention by Brazilian public policies that postpone consumption, through tax increases for the sale of such substances; prohibition of advertising campaigns related to alcohol and cigarettes; prohibition of advertising campaigns related to alcohol and cigarettes; in addition to the process of raising awareness among young people and women (due to the increase in their consumption over the years) through educational programs that highlight the consequences that the consumption of thetwo substances can cause.
Avaliação dos determinantes da criminalidade no estado de Pernambuco
(2018) Santos, Luiza Mikaela de Sá; Pires, Lívia Rodrigues de Lima; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0052567700388980; http://lattes.cnpq.br/8818530074827090
This work analyzes the determinants of crime inthe municipalities of Pernambuco between 2011 and 2016, and it is based on the theoretical model of Becker (1968), Brazilian economic literature and the dynamics of crime observed in Pernambuco. For this purpose, information was collectedfrom SDS/PE, IBGE, PNAD, RAIS and IPEAthat allowed the elaboration of two empirical models of crimes in panel data. The empirical results obtained in the estimations of the models were consistent with the economic crime literature and showed that, for the CVLI model (homicides, lesions followed by death.and robberies), the variables: average income, urbanization rate, population occupation rate, occurrences related to drug trafficking and CVP rates (robberies)are determining factors for the increase of crime in Pernambuco. While schooling and number of security professionalsact reducing the problem. For the CVP model, the variables: average income, urbanization rate, number of occurrences linked to drug trafficking, thefts and the number of security professionalswere presented as determinants for the increase of crime in the state. On the other hand, the variables education and occupation have a reducing role in this indicator of crime.
Previdência social: ainda vale a pena se aposentar pela previdência pública?
(2018) Morato, Welisson do Aguiar; Pires, Lívia Rodrigues de Lima; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0052567700388980
The proposed reform of Social Security 287/2016 raised new concerns and corroborated those already existing with regard to this system, since the prospects for a post-employment life are put to the test. Therefore, this workintends to identify, given the current rules, whether it is worthto retire for public welfare or whether it is preferable to opt for private initiative. For this purpose, simulations were performed observing the 2008 to 2017 yields of open private pension plans and other investment options (Fixed Income and Savings), from 2010 to 2017, offered by the four largest financial institutions operating in Brazil, (RGPS) and, in the case of the own regime (RPPS), have been considered for employees hired before and the after the creation of FUNPRESP, or that migrated to this modality. Thus, the results show that the public pension plan presented the best results in relation to privatepension plans and other private investment options.
Políticas públicas como caminho para avanços econômicos e sociais: estudo de caso no assentamento rural da comunidade Baixio Verde de Salgueiro-PE
(2018) Bezerra Neto, Antonio; Leão, Éder Lira de Souza; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4434499456331867
Public policies are planned actions of public managers with the purpose of achieving the welfare of society. Thus, effective planning of policies is needed to meet the needs of the population to provide improvements and development of the country. This monograph is about public policies on Pronaf and Agrarian Reform and it aims to investigate public policy actions in a rural settlement in the Baixio VerdeCommunity in the city of Salgueiro in the state of Pernambuco. It is a “case study”, with descriptive and qualitative characteristics. For data collection, observations, interviews and documents were used. Therefore, to verify if the public policies of Pronaf and agrarian reform applied to the settlement were significant in order to generate conditions of improvement inthe life of the benefited farmers. Inthat regard, the study analyzed the beneficiaries of public resources (Pronaf and agrarian reform) in the settlement, as a means to determine whether the policies serve their purposes in raising the welfare of the beneficiaries.Questionnaires and interviews were applied to nine farmers in the settlement and the main results show that there was an improvement in the life of the farmers from the Pronaf and agrarian reform. Access to Pronaf's credit and access to land led to social inclusion of farmers, enabling them to increase their well-being with access to housing and the conditions to cultivate various crops on the land which raised their income. Farmers used credit for infrastructure work in the settlement and purchase of animals: cattle, goats, sheep. In general, it can be concluded from the results that the public policies of Pronaf and agrarian reform led the contemplated farmers to the improvement in their lives through the increase of production improving their income and access to housing, also, social inclusion through access to land and credit. The importance of these policies workingtogether for these farmers are also noticeable, for they would not be entitled to the Pronaf credit to finance production without having access to land to grow crops.
Concentração industrial no entorno do Porto de Suape: o papel de fatores como economias de escala, linkages setoriais e labor pooling
(2018) Pereira, José Adeilson de Lima; Pires, Lívia Rodrigues de Lima; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0052567700388980
This research aims at obtaining empirical evidence on the importance of economies of scale, market linkages and labor pooling to explain the industrial concentration in the municipalities near the Suape Industrial and Port Complex. For this, the Ellison and Glaeser Index (1997) was used in a regression model, through panel data, to measure the agglomeration level of the transformation industry in this area in the period from 2003 to 2014. The results obtained were as expected, firms tend to concentrate spatially in order to take advantage of the local benefits. It was observed that firms are attracted by factors such as proximity to suppliers, skilled labor, lower transportation costs and facility sharing, as argued by Marshall (1920) and Duranton and Puga (2003).
Atuação de bancos e cooperativas de crédito em regiões com baixo dinamismo econômico
(2018) Madureira, Camila Lopes e Silva; Freitas, Priscila Michelle Rodrigues; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3255381700202901
The relationship between money and economic development is a source of study by many authors, whotry to explain the role that money plays in development, especially at the regional level. Based on the post-Keynesian slope of the non-neutrality of money, this paper proposes to analyze the role of the banks and the credit cooperative of free admission, based on data from the Credit Union of Free Admission of Pernambuco (Sicoob Pernambuco), in the regions with less economic dynamism in which it operates, these being the Sertão do Pajeú, in the state of Pernambuco and Cariri Ocidental, in the state of Paraíba.Five financial indicators developed by Crocco (2010) were used to perform this analysis. The results show that despite the fact that the Credit Union has a minor performance in the region when compared to the banking branches, Sicoob Pernambuco has proportionally offered more credit in these peripheral regions, allowing for more investments and, consequently, regional development. The decline in the supply of credit by banks may be justified by a higher preference for liquidity, generated by high levels of uncertainty present in these regions.
As mudanças nas condições de vida da população do bairro Vila Bela, Serra Talhada –PE a partir da implementação do Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida
(2018) Silva, Adelma Ramos da; Leão, Éder Lira de Souza; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4434499456331867
This academic work aimed to study the Program Minha Casa Minha Vida (PMCMV) on the neiborhood of Vila Bela, city of Serra Talhada in state of Pernambuco. The program was initially implemented on Brazil in 2009, with the objective of reducing the housing deficit in all Brazilian cities and at the same time stimulate economic growth with construction, in contrast to the international crisis at thetime, the program provided jobs, increase of building material trade, opportunity for low-income families to acquire their own home. With the objective of identify the extent to which PMCMV promoted changes on the living conditions of beneficiary families, a field survey was conducted in the neighborhood of Vila Bela which was planned and built for the implementation of the program in Serra Talhada city, to collect data, where a sample of one hundred and fifty families was obtained, which represents 9.4% of the population of the neighborhood. Where was obtained the expected result about the dream of home ownership for much families. It was observed on the study that although there are challenges and needs of other changes, the families interviewed and benefited by the program demonstrated satisfaction about left the rent and affirm that they had a own home. The PMCMV made possible many families to acquire a residential property and other changes in their living conditions and income.
O desempenho econômico e social da cooperativa de crédito Sicoob na cidade de Carnaíba-PE
(2019) Silva, Jayane Alves Lopes da; Pontes, Nicole Louise Macedo Teles de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0800574110391775
Drivers de catching up: os casos da América Latina e Ásia no pós - 1980
(2019) Faustino, Philip Tiago de Brito; Lima, Sergiany da Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5314745114599013
The main objective of this paper is to analyze the divergent trajectories of economic growth that the Latin American and Asian countries presented after the 1980s from a catching up, forging ahead and falling behind perspective, developed from Abramovitz's theory (1986). and Fagerberg (1988). Using a threshold regression model, countries were divided into staggered groups according to the technological gap. Making it easier to see the impacts that human capital variables and investments in research and development have on the per capita GDP of countries in each group. From the threshold regression thresholds we observed the dynamics of movement of countries between the technological groups over the period studied, ie, which approached the technological frontier appearing in the group of advanced countries such as Japan, Hong Kong, Chile and Argentina. and which distances remained remaining in the backward group such as Bolivia, Peru, India and Indonesia.
Análise descritiva do desempenho dos cursos de graduação em Ciências Econômicas do Brasil e de Pernambuco, nos anos 2013 e 2017
(2019) Silva, Ítalo Victor da; Freitas, Priscila Michelle Rodrigues; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3255381700202901
This paper aims to evaluate the behavior of the offer of on-site courses in Economic Sciences in 2013 and 2017, as well as the performance of the Graduation Success Rate indicator. For this, the database of the Inep Higher Education Census was used. Through graphical analysis it was allowed the comparison of the two years mentioned and an evaluation of the course offer behavior. Within the results presented, we can highlight: a reduction in the number of courses in the country in these years; The economic crisis faced by the country mainly affected private institutions; and the Northeast region was the only one with the opposite scenario regarding the number of courses offered.
Crescimento e convergência econômica: uma análise dos clubes de convergência municipais do Brasil
(2019) Souza, Maria Cristiane Lopes de; Lima, Sergiany da Silva; http://lattes.cnpq.br/5314745114599013; http://lattes.cnpq.br/1379618442781339
The study aimed to analyze the dynamics of the Brazilian municipal economic model and from the years of absolute, conditional and operational convergence between 2000 and 2010. Driven by the theories of Absolute Convergence, Conditional and Convergence Clubs. The work was divided into two moments: identified whether the periods analyzed the formation of clusters around long-term equilibria, and whether all governments converged to the same state of body balance, and analyzed the determinants of economic growth, estimating the growth growth equations explicitly Solow and functional expansion by the Solow augary theory with human capital. The work still continues, the parameters B-convergence and O-convergence for the municipalities in the analyzed period. To verify the occurrence of a convergence club search, we used the natural log probability density function of Kernel per capita income, a non-parametric distribution method. The method used to obtain the growth functions was the fine mix method, which allows to identify the heterogeneity of the data and the clusters according to the similar characteristics. A data comparison model was used in order to obtain a linear method in the parameters. From the results obtained, it was possible that the two periods of sessions had started the formation of two groups of municipalities, with a process of polarization of the economies. The result of the OLS analysis was statistically significant and corroborated as the theories of economic growth. When estimating growth rate and schooling - the results were more adjusted than with three components that are the determinants in the process of municipal income growth evidenced. In view of this, the process of income convergence of municipalities is evident, with these becoming more homogeneous over the years. Thus, it can be concluded that the Brazilian municipalities are converging conditionally, with two productivity groups, one of delays and one of municipalities developed in the analyzed period.
Os efeitos econômicos da indústria mineradora: o caso da fábrica de cimento de Carnaíba-PE
(2019) Silva, Jeane Alves da; Pontes, Nicole Louise Macedo Teles de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/0800574110391775
The mineral extraction industry has grown a lot in the last ten years, generating a great multiplier effect on the world economy. The Northeast region of Brazil has mining activities that have caused great social and environmental effects, causing some conflicts due to the lack of adequate intervention strategies of those involved. Geological surveys focused on mining in the Pajeú region found high quality limestone on the local surface, in addition to the lack of cement in the market in previous decades and the development of the real estate and construction market that was latent throughout the country, These factors encouraged mineral exploration and the creation of the Pajeú cement factory in 2006, and its inauguration in 2013, in the municipality of Carnaíba. Given this context, the present work aimed to analyze the possible economic effects caused by Mineradora Pajeú, in the city of Carnaíba, Pernambuco. Building a mining company close to urban areas can promote economic growth, as the raw material brings, directly or indirectly, great job offers to the population. Thus, analyzing mineral exploration becomes a socially justifiable issue when it comes to academic research, especially because in the study of economics there is a relationship between mining and local development, and why addressing these data can confirm or deconstruct the image implanted in the city that the presence of the mining company is beneficial. The methodology used was the bibliographic and documentary research, starting from a qualitative approach. Results achieved especially through the National Department of Mineral Production, the Brazilian Mining Institute, IBGE and the Ministry of Mines and Energy indicated that the positive externalities of Cimento Pajeú in Carnaíba can only relate to the 0.31 job offer. % of the local population, and the compensatory financial benefit from mineral exploitation of 0.41% of all municipal revenue. In addition, there are negative externalities, because with the implementation of the factory began the expropriation of families and there are reports of non-compliance with the operating rules, which require that explosions occur safely to society and pollution is a complaint. constant. It was concluded that the establishment of the company in the city caused conflicts with residents, social problems such as expropriation, environmental problems associated with pollution and improper exploitation, without respecting the limits of contact with the local population, and, In addition, it does not offer jobs high enough to be considered impacting on society, as it is one of the last cement companies in the country in size and production, and the passed CFEM represents a low value in the municipal budget.
Esforço fiscal dos municípios do estado de Pernambuco: uma análise de múltiplas fronteiras
(2019) Moraes, Tamires de Lima; Siqueira, Kleyton José da Silva Pereira de; http://lattes.cnpq.br/3616610194060665
The present paper sought to measure the fiscal effort and the potential of own collection of 155 municipalities from Pernambuco for the period from 2001 to 2012. Thus, all taxes of municipal competence, as well as taxes, were considered. The methodology used was Stochastic Production Frontier for panel data, using the multiple frontiers (borders by region of the state and by specific taxes) to capture the unobserved regional heterogeneities of the municipalities, regarding the estimation of fiscal effort and collection potential; the software used was the R. It was initially found that the FPM causes a relaxation effect on the fiscal effort of the municipalities. The results also show that when analyzing the fiscal effort of the municipalities by region, this tends to be greater in the backlands of Pernambuco than in the metropolitan region of the State itself.
História e caracterização da economia solidária: estudo de caso de empreendimentos das mulheres em Serra Talhada - PE e Triunfo - PE
(2019) Varêda, Dallyne Emanuelly Araújo; Leão, Éder Lira de Souza; http://lattes.cnpq.br/4434499456331867
Solidarity economy emerged in Brazil in the 1980s, the result of a scenario of economic crises and also of a democratic process, that is, a result of the democratic struggles of society. This study aims to analyze the influence of the solidarity economy and what benefits in the lives of these women participating, this analysis was made with two economic enterprises of solidarity, the Marias Artisans Association in Serra Talhada - Pernambuco and the women group sunflower of the site Santo Antônio das Coroas in Triunfo - Pernambuco. Entrepreneurship is made up of women only. As a result of an applied, explanatory and qualitative research, the study also included bibliographical review, application of questionnaires and semi-structured interviews, seeking to extract the maximum information and life condition after entering this new economy. The study seeks to rescue historically the construction of these economic enterprises in solidarity with the discussions and activities involved, pointing out the challenges faced by these women. The research indicated that based on the principles, solidarity economy brings to the participants: trust, respect, solidarity, valorization of the activities carried out and autonomy.